CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES ORDINANCE ——附加英文版
Hong Kong
CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES ORDINANCE
(CHAPTER 71)
CONTENTS
ion
I PRELIMINARY
hort title
nterpretation and application
he "reasonableness" test
Dealing as consumer"
arieties of exemption clause
ower to amend Schedules 1 and 2
II CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES
dance of liability for negligence, breach of contract, etc.
egligence liability
iability arising in contract
nreasonable indemnity clauses Liability arising from sale or
supply of
s
"Guarantee" of consumer goods
Seller's liability
Miscellaneous contracts under which goods pass Other provisions
about
racts
Effect of breach on "reasonableness" test
Evasion by means of secondary contract
Arbitration agreements
III CIRCUMSTANCES WHERE CONTROL DOES NOT APPLY
International supply contracts
Choice of law clauses
Saving for other relevant legislation
Application
IV CONSEQUENTIAL AND OTHER AMENDMENTS
(Omitted)
dule 1. Scope of sections 7, 8, 9 and 12
dule 2. "Guidelines" for application of reasonableness test
dule 3. (Omitted)
Whole document
imit the extent to which civil liability for breach of contract,
or
negligence or other breach of duty, can be avoided by
means of
ract terms and otherwise; and to restrict the
enforceability of
tration agreements. [1 December 1990] L. N. 38 of 1990
PART I PRELIMINARY
hort title
Ordinance may be cited as the Control of Exemption Clauses
Ordinance.
nterpretation and application
In this Ordinance--
iness" includes a profession and the activities of a public
body, a
ic authority, or a board, commission, committee or
other body
inted by the Governor or Government;
ds" has the same meaning as in the Sale of Goods Ordinance (Cap.
26);
ligence" means the breach--
of any obligation, arising from the express or implied terms
of a
ract, to take reasonable care or exercise reasonable skill
in the
ormance of the contract;
of any common law duty to take reasonable care or exercise
reasonable
l (but not any stricter duty);
of the common duty of care imposed by the Occupiers
Liability
nance (Cap. 314); "notice" includes an announcement, whether or
not in
hing, and any other communication or pretended communication;
sonal injury" includes any disease and any impairment of
physical or
al condition.
In the case of both contract and tort, sections 7 to 12 apply
(except
e the contrary is stated in section 11 (4)) only to
business
ility, that is liability for breach of obligations or duties
arising--
from things done or omitted to be done by a person in the course
of a
ness (whether his own business or another's); or
from the occupation of premises used for business purposes
of the
pier, and references to liability are to be read
accordingly; but
ility of an occupier of premises for breach of an obligation or
duty
rds a person obtaining access to the premises for
recreational or
ational purposes, being liability for loss or damage
suffered by
on of the dangerous state of the premises, is not a business
liability
he occupier unless granting that person such access for the
purposes
erned falls within the business purposes of the occupier.
In relation to any breach of duty or obligation, it is
immaterial
her the breach was inadvertent or intentional, or whether
liability
it arises directly or vicariously.
1977 c. 50 ss. 1&14 U. K.]
he "reasonableness" test
In relation to a contract term, the requirement of reasonableness
for
purposes of this Ordinance and section 4 of the
Misrepresentation
nance (Cap. 284) is satisfied only if the court or
arbitrator
rmines that the term was a fair and reasonable one to be
included
ng regard to the circumstances which were, or ought reasonably
to have
, known to or in the contemplation of the parties when the
contract
made.
In determining for the purposes of section 11 or 12 whether a
contract
satisfies the requirement of reasonableness, the court or
arbitrator
l have regard in particular to the matters specified in
Schedule 2;
this subsection does not prevent the court or arbitrator from
holding,
ccordance with any rule of law, that a term which purports to
exclude
estrict any relevant liability is not a term of the contract.
In relation to a notice (not being a notice having
contractual
ct), the requirement of reasonableness under this
Ordinance is
sfied only if the court or arbitrator determines that it would
be fair
reasonable to allow reliance on it, having regard to
all the
umstances obtaining when the liability arose or (but for the
notice)
d have arisen.
In determining (under this Ordinance or the
Misrepresentation
nance (Cap. 284)) whether a contract term or notice
satisfies the
irement of reasonableness, the court or arbitrator shall have
regard
articular (but without prejudice to subsection (2) to whether
(and, if
to what extent) the language in which the term or notice is
expressed
language understood by the person as against whom another
person
s to rely upon the term or notice.
Where by reference to a contract term or notice a person
seeks to
rict liability to a specified sum of money, and the question
arises
er this Ordinance or the Misrepresentation Ordinance (Cap.
284))
her the term or notice satisfies the requirement of
reasonableness,
court or arbitrator shall have regard in particular (but
without
udice to subsection (2) or (4)) to--
the resources which he could expect to be available to him for
the
ose of meeting the liability should it arise; and
how far it was open to him to cover himself by insurance.
It is for the person claiming that a contract term or notice
satisfies
requirement of reasonableness to prove that it does.
1977 c. 50 s. 11 U. K.]
Dealing as consumer"
A party to a contract "deals as consumer" in relation to another
party
he neither makes the contract in the course of a business nor
holds
elf out as doing so;
the other party does make the contract in the course of a
business;
in the case of a contract governed by the law of sale of goods
or by
ion 12, the goods passing under or in pursuance of the contract
are of
pe ordinarily supplied for private use or consumption.
Notwithstanding subsection (1), on a sale by auction or by
competitive
er the buyer is not in any circumstances to be regarded as dealing
as
umer.
It is for the person claiming that a party does not deal as
consumer
rove that he does not.
1977 c. 50 s. 12 U. K.]
arieties of exemption clause
To the extent that this Ordinance prevents the
exclusion or
riction of any liability it also prevents--
making the liability or its enforcement subject to
restrictive or
ous conditions;
excluding or restricting any right or remedy in respect
of the
ility, or subjecting a person to any prejudice in consequence of
his
uing any such right or remedy;
excluding or restricting rules of evidence or procedure, and (to
that
nt) sections 7, 10, 11 and 12 also prevent excluding or
restricting
ility by reference to terms and notices which exclude or
restrict
relevant obligation or duty.
An agreement in writing to submit present or future
differences to
tration is not to be treated under this Ordinance as
excluding or
ricting any liability. [cf. 1977 c. 50 s. 13 U. K.]
ower to amend Schedules 1 and 2
Legislative Council may by resolution amend Schedules 1 and 2.
PART II CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES
dance of liability for negligence, breach of contract, etc.
egligence liability
A person cannot by reference to any contract term or to a notice
given
ersons generally or to particular persons exclude or
restrict his
ility for death or personal injury resulting from negligence.
In the case of other loss or damage, a person cannot so
exclude or
rict his liability for negligence except in so far as the
term or
ce satisfies the requirement of reasonableness.
Where a contract term or notice purports to exclude or
restrict
ility for negligence a person's agreement to or awareness of it
is not
tself to be taken as indicating his voluntary acceptance of any
risk.
1977 c. 50 s. 2 U. K.]
iability arising in contract
This section applies as between contracting parties where one of
them
s as consumer or on the other's written standard terms of
business.
As against that party, the other cannot by reference to any
contract
--
When himself in breach of contract, exclude or restrict any
liability
is in respect of the breach; or
claim to be entitled--
to render a contractual performance substantially different from
that
h was reasonably expected of him; or
in respect of the whole or any part of his contractual obligation,
to
er no performance at all,
pt in so far as (in any of the cases mentioned above
in this
ection) the contract term satisfies the requirement of
reasonableness.
1977 c. 50 s. 3 U. K.]
nreasonable indemnity clauses
A person dealing as consumer cannot by reference to any contract
term
ade to indemnify another person (whether a party to the
contract or
in respect of liability that may be incurred by the
other for
igence or breach of contract, except in so far as the contract
term
sfies the requirement of reasonableness.
This section applies whether the liability in question--
is directly that of the person to be indemnified or is incurred
by him
riously;
is to the person dealing as consumer or to someone else. [cf. 1977
c.
. 4 U. K.]
ility arising from sale or supply of goods
"Guarantee" of consumer goods
In the case of goods of a type ordinarily supplied for private
use or
umption, where loss or damage--
arises from the goods proving defective while in consumer use;
and
results from the negligence of a person concerned in the
manufacture
istribution of the goods, liability for the loss or damage
cannot be
uded or restricted by reference to any contract term or
notice
ained in or operating by reference to a guarantee of the goods.
For these purposes--
goods are to be regarded as "in consumer use" when a person is
using
, or has them in his possession for use, otherwise than
exclusively
the purposes of a business; and
anything in writing is a guarantee if it contains or
purports to
ain some promise or assurance (however worded or
presented) that
cts will be made good by complete or partial replacement,
or by
ir, monetary compensation or otherwise.
This section does not apply as between the parties to a contract
under
n pursuance of which possession or ownership of the goods passed.
1977 c. 50 s. 5 U. K.]
Seller's liability
Liability for breach of the obligations arising from section 14
of the
of Goods Ordinance (Cap. 26) (seller's implied undertakings
as to
e, etc.) cannot be excluded or restricted by reference to any
contract
.
As against a person dealing as consumer, liability for breach of
the
gations arising from section 15, 16 or 17 of the Sale of
Goods
nance (Cap. 26) (seller's implied undertakings as to
conformity of
s with description or sample, or as to their quality or fitness
for a
icular purpose) cannot be excluded or restricted by reference to
any
ract term.
As against a person dealing otherwise than as consumer, the
liability
ified in subsection (2) can be excluded or restricted by reference
to
ntract term, but only in so far as the term satisfies the
requirement
easonableness.
The liabilities referred to in this section are not only the
business
ilities defined by section 2 (2), but include those arising under
any
ract of sale of goods. [cf. 1977 c. 50 s. 6 U. K.]
Miscellaneous contracts under which goods pass
Where the possession or ownership of goods passes
under or in
uance of a contract not governed by the law of sale of
goods,
ection (2) to (4) apply in relation to the effect (if any) that
the
t or arbitrator is to give to contract terms excluding or
restricting
ility for breach of obligation arising by implication of law from
the
re of the contract.
As against a person dealing as consumer, liability in respect of
the
's correspondence with description or sample, or their
quality or
ess for any particular purpose, cannot be excluded or
restricted by
rence to any such term.
As against a person dealing otherwise than as consumer, that
liability
be excluded or restricted by reference to such a term, but only
in so
as the term satisfies the requirement of reasonableness.
Liability in respect of--
the right to transfer ownership of the goods, or give possession;
or
the assurance of quiet possession to a person taking
goods in
uance of the contract, cannot be excluded or restricted by
reference
ny such term except in so far as the term satisfies the requirement
of
onableness. [cf. 1977 c. 50 s. 7 U. K.]
r provisions about contracts
Effect of breach on "reasonableness" test
Where for reliance upon it a contract term has to
satisfy the
irement of reasonableness, it may be found to do so and be
given
ct accordingly notwithstanding that the contract has been
terminated
er by breach or by a party electing to treat it as repudiated.
Where on a breach the contract is nevertheless affirmed by a
party
tled to treat as repudiated, this does not of itself
exclude the
irement of reasonableness in relation to any contract term.
1977 c. 50 s. 9 U. K.]
Evasion by means of secondary contract
rson is not bound by any contract term prejudicing or taking
away
ts of his which arise under, or in connection with the performance
of,
her contract, so far as those rights extend to the
enforcement of
her's liability which this Ordinance prevents that
other from
uding or restricting.
1977 c. 50 s. 10 U. K.]
Arbitration agreements
As against a person dealing as consumer, an agreement to submit
future
erences to arbitration cannot be enforced except--
with his written consent signified after the differences in
question
arisen; or
where he has himself had recourse to arbitration in pursuance of
the
ement in respect of any differences.
Subsection (1) does not affect--
the enforcement of an international arbitration agreement
within the
ing of section 2 (1) of the Arbitration Ordinance (Cap. 341);
laced 76 of 1990 s. 2)
the resolution of differences arising under any contract so far
as it
by virtue of Schedule 1, excluded from the operation of section
7, 8,
12.
PART III CIRCUMSTANCES WHERE CONTROL DOES NOT APPLY
International supply contracts
The limits imposed by this Ordinance on the extent to which a
person
exclude or restrict liability by reference to a contract term do
not
y to liability arising under an international supply contract.
The terms of an international supply contract are not subject to
any
irement of reasonableness under section 8 or 9.
For the purposes of this section, an international supply
contract
s a contract--
that is either a contract of sale of goods or a contract under
or in
uance of which the possession or ownership of goods passes;
that is made by parties whose places of business (or, if they
have
, habitual residences) are in the territories of different
States or
in and outside Hong Kong; and
in the case of which--
the goods in question are, at the time of the conclusion
of the
ract, in the course of carriage, or will be carried,
from the
itory of one State to the territory of another, or to or from
Hong
from or to a place outside Hong Kong; or
the acts constituting the offer and acceptance have been done in
the
itories of different States or in and outside Hong Kong; or
) the contract provides for the goods to be delivered to the
territory
State other than that within whose territory the acts
constituting
offer and acceptance were done; or
the acts constituting the offer and acceptance were done in Hong
Kong
the contract provides for the goods to be delivered outside Hong
Kong;
the acts constituting the offer and acceptance were done outside
Hong
and the contract provides for the goods to be delivered to Hong
Kong.
1977 c. 50 s. 26 U. K.]
Choice of law clauses
Where the proper law of a contract is the law of Hong Kong only
by
ce of the parties (and apart from that choice would be the law
of some
r country) sections 7 to 12 do not operate as part of the proper
law.
This Ordinance has effect notwithstanding any contract
term which
ies or purports to apply the law of some other country, where
(either
oth)--
the term appears to the court or arbitrator to have been
imposed
ly or mainly for the purpose of enabling the party imposing
it to
e the operation of this Ordinance; or
in the making of the contract one of the parties dealt as
consumer,
he was then habitually resident in Hong Kong, and the essential
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违反土地管理规定行为处分办法
监察部 人力资源和社会保障部 国土资源部等
违反土地管理规定行为处分办法
中华人民共和国监察部
中华人民共和国人力资源和社会保障部 令
中华人民共和国国土资源部
第 15 号
《违反土地管理规定行为处分办法》已经2007年12月5日监察部第11次部长办公会议、2007年12月4日原人事部第5次部务会议、2007年11月2日国土资源部第12次部长办公会议审议通过。2008年5月2日经国务院批准，现予公布，自2008年6月1日起施行。2000年3月2日监察部、国土资源部第9号令发布的《关于违反土地管理规定行为行政处分暂行办法》同时废止。
监察部部长： 马 马文
人力资源和社会保障部部长： 尹蔚民
国土资源部部长： 徐绍史
第一条 为了加强土地管理，惩处违反土地管理规定的行为，根据《中华人民共和国土地管理法》、《中华人民共和国行政监察法》、《中华人民共和国公务员法》、《行政机关公务员处分条例》及其他有关法律、行政法规，制定本办法。
第二条 有违反土地管理规定行为的单位，其负有责任的领导人员和直接责任人员，以及有违反土地管理规定行为的个人，应当承担纪律责任，属于下列人员的（以下统称有关责任人员），由任免机关或者监察机关按照管理权限依法给予处分：
（一）行政机关公务员；
（二）法律、法规授权的具有公共事务管理职能的事业单位中经批准参照《中华人民共和国公务员法》管理的工作人员；
（三）行政机关依法委托的组织中除工勤人员以外的工作人员；
（四）企业、事业单位中由行政机关任命的人员。
法律、行政法规、国务院决定和国务院监察机关、国务院人力资源和社会保障部门制定的处分规章对违反土地管理规定行为的处分另有规定的，从其规定。
第三条 有下列行为之一的，对县级以上地方人民政府主要领导人员和其他负有责任的领导人员，给予警告或者记过处分；情节较重的，给予记大过或者降级处分；情节严重的，给予撤职处分：
（一）土地管理秩序混乱，致使一年度内本行政区域违法占用耕地面积占新增建设用地占用耕地总面积的比例达到１５％以上或者虽然未达到１５％，但造成恶劣影响或者其他严重后果的；
（二）发生土地违法案件造成严重后果的；
（三）对违反土地管理规定行为不制止、不组织查处的；
（四）对违反土地管理规定行为隐瞒不报、压案不查的。
第四条 行政机关在土地审批和供应过程中不执行或者违反国家土地调控政策，有下列行为之一的，对有关责任人员，给予记大过处分；情节较重的，给予降级或者撤职处分；情节严重的，给予开除处分：
（一）对国务院明确要求暂停土地审批仍不停止审批的；
（二）对国务院明确禁止供地的项目提供建设用地的。
第五条 行政机关及其公务员违反土地管理规定，滥用职权，非法批准征收、占用土地的，对有关责任人员，给予记过或者记大过处分；情节较重的，给予降级或者撤职处分；情节严重的，给予开除处分。
有前款规定行为，且有徇私舞弊情节的，从重处分。
第六条 行政机关及其公务员有下列行为之一的，对有关责任人员，给予记过或者记大过处分；情节较重的，给予降级或者撤职处分；情节严重的，给予开除处分：
（一）不按照土地利用总体规划确定的用途批准用地的；
（二）通过调整土地利用总体规划，擅自改变基本农田位置，规避建设占用基本农田由国务院审批规定的；
（三）没有土地利用计划指标擅自批准用地的；
（四）没有新增建设占用农用地计划指标擅自批准农用地转用的；
（五）批准以“以租代征”等方式擅自占用农用地进行非农业建设的。
第七条 行政机关及其公务员有下列行为之一的，对有关责任人员，给予警告或者记过处分；情节较重的，给予记大过或者降级处分；情节严重的，给予撤职处分：
（一）违反法定条件，进行土地登记、颁发或者更换土地证书的；
（二）明知建设项目用地涉嫌违反土地管理规定，尚未依法处理，仍为其办理用地审批、颁发土地证书的；
（三）在未按照国家规定的标准足额收缴新增建设用地土地有偿使用费前，下发用地批准文件的；
（四）对符合规定的建设用地申请或者土地登记申请，无正当理由不予受理或者超过规定期限未予办理的；
（五）违反法定程序批准征收、占用土地的。
第八条 行政机关及其公务员违反土地管理规定，滥用职权，非法低价或者无偿出让国有建设用地使用权的，对有关责任人员，给予记过或者记大过处分；情节较重的，给予降级或者撤职处分；情节严重的，给予开除处分。
有前款规定行为，且有徇私舞弊情节的，从重处分。
第九条 行政机关及其公务员在国有建设用地使用权出让中，有下列行为之一的，对有关责任人员，给予警告或者记过处分；情节较重的，给予记大过或者降级处分；情节严重的，给予撤职处分：
（一）应当采取出让方式而采用划拨方式或者应当招标拍卖挂牌出让而协议出让国有建设用地使用权的；
（二）在国有建设用地使用权招标拍卖挂牌出让中，采取与投标人、竞买人恶意串通，故意设置不合理的条件限制或者排斥潜在的投标人、竞买人等方式，操纵中标人、竞得人的确定或者出让结果的；
（三）违反规定减免或者变相减免国有建设用地使用权出让金的；
（四）国有建设用地使用权出让合同签订后，擅自批准调整土地用途、容积率等土地使用条件的；
（五）其他违反规定出让国有建设用地使用权的行为。
第十条 未经批准或者采取欺骗手段骗取批准，非法占用土地的，对有关责任人员，给予警告、记过或者记大过处分；情节较重的，给予降级或者撤职处分；情节严重的，给予开除处分。
第十一条 买卖或者以其他形式非法转让土地的，对有关责任人员，给予警告、记过或者记大过处分；情节较重的，给予降级或者撤职处分；情节严重的，给予开除处分。
第十二条 行政机关侵占、截留、挪用被征收土地单位的征地补偿费用和其他有关费用的，对有关责任人员，给予记大过处分；情节较重的，给予降级或者撤职处分；情节严重的，给予开除处分。
第十三条 行政机关在征收土地过程中，有下列行为之一的，对有关责任人员，给予警告或者记过处分；情节较重的，给予记大过或者降级处分；情节严重的，给予撤职处分：
（一）批准低于法定标准的征地补偿方案的；
（二）未按规定落实社会保障费用而批准征地的；
（三）未按期足额支付征地补偿费用的。
第十四条 县级以上地方人民政府未按期缴纳新增建设用地土地有偿使用费的，责令限期缴纳；逾期仍不缴纳的，对有关责任人员，给予记大过处分；情节较重的，给予降级或者撤职处分；情节严重的，给予开除处分。
第十五条 行政机关及其公务员在办理农用地转用或者土地征收申报、报批等过程中，有谎报、瞒报用地位置、地类、面积等弄虚作假行为，造成不良后果的，对有关责任人员，给予记过或者记大过处分；情节较重的，给予降级或者撤职处分；情节严重的，给予开除处分。
第十六条 国土资源行政主管部门及其工作人员有下列行为之一的，对有关责任人员，给予记过或者记大过处分；情节较重的，给予降级或者撤职处分；情节严重的，给予开除处分：
（一）对违反土地管理规定行为按规定应报告而不报告的；
（二）对违反土地管理规定行为不制止、不依法查处的；
（三）在土地供应过程中，因严重不负责任，致使国家利益遭受损失的。
第十七条 有下列情形之一的，应当从重处分：
（一）致使土地遭受严重破坏的；
（二）造成财产严重损失的；
（三）影响群众生产、生活，造成恶劣影响或者其他严重后果的。
第十八条 有下列情形之一的，应当从轻处分：
（一）主动交代违反土地管理规定行为的；
（二）保持或者恢复土地原貌的；
（三）主动纠正违反土地管理规定行为，积极落实有关部门整改意见的；
（四）主动退还违法违纪所得或者侵占、挪用的征地补偿安置费等有关费用的；
（五）检举他人重大违反土地管理规定行为，经查证属实的。
主动交代违反土地管理规定行为，并主动采取措施有效避免或者挽回损失的，应当减轻处分。
第十九条 任免机关、监察机关和国土资源行政主管部门建立案件移送制度。
任免机关、监察机关查处的土地违法违纪案件，依法应当由国土资源行政主管部门给予行政处罚的，应当将有关案件材料移送国土资源行政主管部门。国土资源行政主管部门应当依法及时查处，并将处理结果书面告知任免机关、监察机关。
国土资源行政主管部门查处的土地违法案件，依法应当给予处分，且本部门无权处理的，应当在作出行政处罚决定或者其他处理决定后１０日内将有关案件材料移送任免机关或者监察机关。任免机关或者监察机关应当依法及时查处，并将处理结果书面告知国土资源行政主管部门。
第二十条 任免机关、监察机关和国土资源行政主管部门移送案件时要做到事实清楚、证据齐全、程序合法、手续完备。
移送的案件材料应当包括以下内容：
（一）本单位有关领导或者主管单位同意移送的意见；
（二）案件的来源及立案材料；
（三）案件调查报告；
（四）有关证据材料；
（五）其他需要移送的材料。
第二十一条 任免机关、监察机关或者国土资源行政主管部门应当移送而不移送案件的，由其上一级机关责令其移送。
第二十二条 有违反土地管理规定行为，应当给予党纪处分的，移送党的纪律检查机关处理；涉嫌犯罪的，移送司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第二十三条 本办法由监察部、人力资源和社会保障部、国土资源部负责解释。
第二十四条 本办法自２００８年６月１日起施行。
